\(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}\left(n+1\right)}=\frac{\sqrt{n}}{n\left(n+1\right)}=\sqrt{n}\left(\frac{1}{n}-\frac{1}{n+1}\right)\)\(=\sqrt{n}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\right)\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\right)< \sqrt{n}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\right).\frac{2}{\sqrt{n}}\)\(=2\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\right)\)

=>\(S_1+...+S_n< 2\left(1-\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\right)< 2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-2\right)\left(x^2-2x-2\right)=0\Rightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=2\\x^2-2x-2=0\end{matrix}\right.\)

Không mất tính tổng quát, giả sử \(x_3=2\) và \(x_1;x_2\) là nghiệm của \(x^2-2x-2=0\)

Do \(2^n\) nguyên nên ta chỉ cần chứng minh \(P\left(n\right)=x_1^n+x_2^n\) nguyên

\(P\left(1\right)=x_1+x_2=2\in Z\) thỏa mãn

\(P\left(2\right)=x_1^2+x_2^2=\left(x_1+x_2\right)^2-2x_1x_2=8\in Z\) thỏa mãn

\(P\left(1\right).P\left(n\right)=\left(x_1+x_2\right)\left(x_1^n+x_2^n\right)=x_1^{n+1}+x_2^{n+1}+x_1x_2\left(x_1^{n-1}+x_2^{n-1}\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2P\left(n\right)=P\left(n+1\right)-2P\left(n-1\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow P\left(n+1\right)=2P\left(n\right)+2P\left(n-1\right)\)

\(P\left(1\right);P\left(2\right)\) nguyên \(\Rightarrow P\left(3\right)\) nguyên \(\Rightarrow P\left(4\right)\) nguyên \(\Rightarrow...\Rightarrow P\left(n\right)\) nguyên với mọi n (đpcm)

a) Ta có:

\(q.{S_n} = q.\left( {{u_1} + {u_2} + ... + {u_n}} \right) = {u_1}.q + {u_2}.q + ... + {u_n}.q = \left( {{u_2} + {u_3} + ... + {u_n}} \right) + q.{u_n}\)

b) Ta có:

\({u_1} + q.{S_n} = {u_1} + \left( {{u_2} + {u_3} + ... + {u_n}} \right) + q.{u_n} = \left( {{u_1} + {u_2} + {u_3} + ... + {u_n}} \right) + q.{u_n} = {S_n} + {u_1}.{q^n}\)